Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hydroxylated PCBs in serum from U.S. children and their mothers and in sediment from a Lake Michigan waterway

............................................................................................................7 Introduction .......................................................................................................7 Experimental ...................................................................................................10 Sample Collection ...................................................................................10 Analytical ................................................................................................10 Statistical Analysis ..................................................................................13 Results .............................................................................................................15 Discussion .......................................................................................................19 CHAPTER 2 VARIABILITY IN PCB AND OH-PCB SERUM LEVELS IN CHILDREN AND THEIR MOTHERS IN URBAN AND RURAL U.S. COMMUNITIES ....................................................................................26 Abstract ...........................................................................................................26 Introduction .....................................................................................................26 Methods and Materials ...................................................................................29 Sample Collection, Extraction, and Instrument Analysis ........................29 Statistics ...................................................................................................30 Quality Control ........................................................................................31 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................32 PCBs and OH-PCBs in year 2 participants .............................................32 Comparison between year 1 and year 2 ...................................................36..........................................................................................................26 Introduction .....................................................................................................26 Methods and Materials ...................................................................................29 Sample Collection, Extraction, and Instrument Analysis ........................29 Statistics ...................................................................................................30 Quality Control ........................................................................................31 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................32 PCBs and OH-PCBs in year 2 participants .............................................32 Comparison between year 1 and year 2 ...................................................36 CHAPTER 3 DISCOVERY OF HYDROXYLATED POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (OH-PCBS) IN SEDIMENT FROM A LAKE MICHIGAN WATERWAY AND ORIGINAL COMMERCIAL AROCLORS ...................................................................................................43 Abstract ...........................................................................................................43 Introduction .....................................................................................................43 Methods and Materials ...................................................................................45 Sample Collection and Extraction ...........................................................45..........................................................................................................43 Introduction .....................................................................................................43 Methods and Materials ...................................................................................45 Sample Collection and Extraction ...........................................................45 viii Instrument Analysis .................................................................................46 Statistics ...................................................................................................48 Quality Control ........................................................................................49 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................50 Concentration of OH-PCBs in surficial sediment ...................................50 Comparison of OH-PCBs with PCBs in Surficial Sediment ...................52 Aroclor Analysis and Discussion of Potential Sources ...........................54 SUMMARY AND FUTURE RESEARCH .......................................................................58 Summary .........................................................................................................58 Future Research ..............................................................................................59 APPENDIX A SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION TO CHAPTER 1 ..........................61 Methods ..........................................................................................................61 PCBs ........................................................................................................61 OH-PCBs .................................................................................................63 Quality Control ...............................................................................................64 Surrogate Standard Recoveries ................................................................64 Laboratory Reference Material ................................................................65 Standard Reference Material ...................................................................65 Results .............................................................................................................66 Discussion .......................................................................................................72 APPENDIX B SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION TO CHAPTER 2 ..........................75 Methods and Materials ...................................................................................75 PCBs ........................................................................................................75 OH-PCBs .................................................................................................79 Quality Control ........................................................................................81 Results .............................................................................................................83 APPENDIX C SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION TO CHAPTER 3 ..........................98 APPENDIX D PILOT STUDY OF PCB 11 AND PCB 11 METABOLITES IN THREE HUMAN DONORS ........................................................................113 Introduction ...................................................................................................113 Methods ........................................................................................................113 Sample Extraction and Analysis ............................................................113 Quality Control ......................................................................................114 Results ...........................................................................................................115 Summary .......................................................................................................118 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................119